After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

Background and Objectives: Different types of training can help adolescents improve their mental health. Education based on spiritual beliefs and attitudes is one way to increase positive adaptation and decrease stress. This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of spiritual-based education (SBE) on the resilience and psychological well-being of fatherless adolescents during an eight-week training program. It was hypothesized that SBE would increase the above-mentioned variables. Methods: Sixty participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to either an education or a no-education (wait-list control) condition. The main assessment was performed pre-education, post-education, and at the four-month follow-up.   Results: The findings showed that SBE increased the level of resilience in educational conditions (P<0. 002), and the effect of education was maintained after a four-month follow-up. Also, a quadratic interaction was observed between group and time series for resilience (P<0. 03). This research revealed that spirituality-based education improves resilience, however, no difference was observed between the education and no-education conditions based on the psychological well-being of adolescents.   Conclusion: Therefore, the present study provides additional support for the beneficial effects of SBE on various aspects of mental health. It is recommended that more research is required to examine the processes by which education leads to higher resilience.

One may say that The Open society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

Objective: Losing a loved one due to death is a universal human experience, and many consider it one of the most stressful life events. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on depression, self-esteem, and distress tolerance in fatherless depressed adolescents. Methods and Materials: This applied research utilized a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and a control group. Using cluster random sampling, 30 adolescents (19 girls and 11 boys) who had lost their fathers in the past 1 to 2 years and scored high on the Beck Depression Inventory (1961) were selected from high schools in Arak city. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. As a pre-test, participants completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (1967) and the Simons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Scale (2005). The experimental group received 10 weekly sessions (90 minutes each) of group schema therapy based on the Young et al. (2012) protocol. Findings: According to the findings, schema therapy significantly impacted depression (F = 17. 25), self-esteem (F = 36. 34), and distress tolerance (F = 17. 74) in adolescents. Conclusion: These findings suggest that effective treatments, such as schema therapy, can reduce the negative outcomes associated with the experience of father loss

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

Introduction: Paternal death may have a detrimental effect on the psychological determinants including happiness of people particularly adolescents. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the positive effects of solution-oriented group teaching on happiness in fatherless female adolescents.Materials and Methods: This was a semi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. All fatherless female students living in Isfahan in 2014-15 were included in this study. In order to select the sample size, 40 students were selected using a convenient and simple sampling method and were then randomly divided into two groups of 20. While the experimental group received the solution-oriented approach as a therapeutic intervention for 8 weekly sessions of ninety-minute, the control group received nothing. Oxford’s happiness questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The collected data were analyzed through ANOVA with repeated measurements via SPSS 19.Results: The results revealed that solution-oriented group teaching had a positive effective on the happiness of fatherless female adolescents at the posttest and follow-up stages (p<0.001); compared to the control group.Conclusion: According to the results of the current study along with other known interventions and also the present standards, solution-oriented teaching method can be employed to increase the fatherless adolescents’ happiness.

The reception of Popper in Japan has not been a glorious history up to the present day. There have been numerous misunderstandings and distortions. It is important to record and discuss them in order to learn from them and to make use of his ideas in the Japanese intellectual climate. This is the purpose of the present paper. From the perspective of the reception history, we searched the reasons why Popper has been misunderstood in Japan (especially in four areas: philosophy, economics, history, and political philosophy), and tried to identify some of the factors responsible for this misunderstanding. To this end, we applied the method of “situational analysis” to the Japanese peculiar intellectual situation after the so-called après guerres, rather than by using a chronological order. If the causes of misunderstandings and distortions in Japan can be clarified by means of a situational analysis, we can learn a great deal from this history and can use this knowledge to throw new light on the status of critical rationalism in Japan

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to appraise the Affective-Behavioral Disorders and Academic Performance in fatherless and normal 7-11year old children in Tehran.Method: The method of this study is Ex Post Facto with statistical community of all boys and girls students in Tehran elementary schools. A number of 240 students were randomly selected as the subjects of the study and divided in two groups consists of 120 fatherless and 120 normal children (60 girls and 60 boys in each group). In the next phase, Child Behavioral Check List (CBCL) completed by the mothers of both groups (N=240). The Average end of the students considered as Children Academic Performance. Finally, obtained data by descriptive statistics and t-test of independent samples were analyzed.Results: The results indicate a significant difference in favor of fatherless students in total score of Affective-Behavioral Disorders, externalized disorders, and internalized disorders. The fatherless students also significantly differed in subscales of affective, anxiety/depression, somatic, and oppositional defiant problems but no significant difference was observed between the two groups in subscales of attention deficit hyperactivity and conduct problems. Furthermore, academic performance of fatherless students was lower than normal students. Gender comparison in the fatherless group showed a significant difference in subscales of anxiety/depression problems in favor of girls and oppositional defiant problems in favor of boys but no significant difference was observed between the two groups in other subscales.Conclusion: The results indicate that fatherless children are susceptible to various kinds of affective-Behavioral Disorders such as anxiety, Depression, Physical symptoms, and oppositional defiant problems and weakness in academic performance.

Background and purpose: loss of father or being handicapped is a major stressor and can increase mental disorders in children. This research was designed to study the comparison of some mental disorders like attention deficit, hyperactive disorder (AD/HD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). dysthymia disorder (DD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) in children of fatherless, martyred, veteran, and ordinary (7-12 years old). Materials and methods: This research is a retrospective study about mental disorders which is done on children of 591 martyred, deprived, veteran and ordinary children in order to have comparitive study of mental disorders. Tools of study include questionnaires on personal features and questionnaire of children disorder symptom. CSI-4 statistical analysis was done by t-tests, variasion analysis and shefeh.Results: Obtained results indicate that there is significant difference related to psychological disorders among 4 groups under study (P<0.001). A comparison between fatherless, martyreds veterans and children revealed that, fatherless and marhyreds children suffer more from pychological disorders compared to the veterans children (P<0.05). Also psychological disorders were observed more in fatherless children than martyreds children (P<0.05). Martyreds children had more psychological disorders than veterans children (P<0.05). The results obtained based on the regression variasion showed some variables in all of the groups under study, (martyreds veterans and fatherless) boys suffered more than girls (P<0.01). In other words, boys are more susceptible to various psychological disorders (OR=1.42). Also results showed that, in the low economical condition families, children are more at risk of having psychological disorders (OR=1.48).Conclusion: Considering the rate of psychological disorders among children of martyred, fatherless and veteran as compared to the children from ordinary families, and presence of higher rate of psychological disorders in the father less children as compared to the children of veterans, and presence of higher rate of psychological disorders in fatherless children as compared to the martyreds children, it is necessary that the hygienic and treatment programmers of the society pay more attention to the primary and secondary prevention of health and hygiene of children from such families.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare behavioral disorders between fatherless and normal children.Method: In this ex post facto study, 118 students were randomly selected out of the whole student population of Fasa city (in south west of Iran). Parent’s and teacher’s versions of Rutter’s Behavioral Disorders Ques-tionnaires were assigned to the subjects who consisted of 58 normal children (27 girls, 31 boys) vs. 60 fatherless children (31 girls, 29 boys). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Scheffe, t-test and X2 test.Results: The two groups of normal and fatherless children differed significantly in the prevalence of behavioral disorders (p<0.01). fatherless children were suffering more from the behavioral disorders than the normal kids. In other words, fatherless girl subjects differed significantly in antisocial behavior disorder (p<0.01) and social maladjustment (p<0.01) from fatherless boys, while differences were not significant in other variables (depression-anxiety, hyperactivity, and aggressiveness.(Conclusion: fatherless children are susceptible to different behavioral disorders.